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The filter consists of two containers: the top reservoir holds contaminated water, while the bottom reservoir collects filtered water. As water passes through the ceramic candle, micro-scale pores physically trap contaminants, and the process requires no energy, relying solely on gravity.

Ceramic candle filters effectively eliminate bacteria (e.g., E. coli), protozoa (e.g., Giardia), and turbidity from water. They also improve taste, smell, and colour by removing some chemicals like chlorine and iron.

The average flow rate for a ceramic candle filter is about 1 to 2 litres per hour. This limited flow makes it suitable for small families or organizations but may not meet the needs of larger groups.

Regular maintenance involves scrubbing the ceramic surface to remove accumulated dirt and contaminants. Filters should generally be replaced every six months or sooner if performance declines.

While ceramic filters are highly effective against bacteria and protozoa, their ability to remove viruses is limited. Some models incorporate activated carbon to enhance the removal of certain viruses and chemical contaminants.

Ceramic filters are not suitable for highly turbid water (greater than 5 NTU) or chlorinated water, which can damage the filter material. They are most effective with slightly contaminated water sources.

Ceramic candles are typically made from clay that has been fired to create a porous structure. Some filters may also include activated carbon cores and silver ions to enhance filtration efficiency and prevent bacterial growth.